WAR AND SOLDIERS
NORWEGIAN RESISTANCE MOVEMENT
Norway was in World War II five years of Nazi occupation.
The mountainous countryside served as a small but brave resistance movement
tied Norway more than 350,000 Germans.
Their war was a small shock and escape
constantly being caught, torture and death in fear.
Multi brave act was forgotten
but the Germans were constantly on their toes.
At least one of their stroke changed the course of history
when they interfered with the Nazi atomic bomb development.
Hitler believed until the end of the Allied offensive in Norway
, and did not move troops from the fronts.
Resistance Operating ensured contribute to the Allied victory.
Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the beginning of the war
but the location made it politically difficult position.
Germany took a long time before the war in Narvik harbor
iron ore transport in northern Sweden.
Norwegian situation only became more difficult, when the Soviet Union attacked Finland.
Finland rejected the first attack.
The British and French wanted to send help to fight the German ally.
Assistance had to pass through Narvik
but Finland surrendered to 13.3. 1940, when the plans were drawn up yet.
Britain and France could no longer intervene
and the Germans had their own plans.
Navy Commander Admiral Erich Raeder proposed in October 1939
that Norway was conquered ports sea war against Britain.
Hitler agreed to in January 1940
and led to the conquest of Norway, the design itself.
Germany invaded Norway and Denmark on 9 April.
Norway's major ports were countries ups
and parachute troops occupied the Stavanger Airport.
The Germans occupied Oslo a few hours
and King Haakon VII escaped the governments of the Nordic.
The Allies landed in the north
and tried to take over Narvik, as well as ports on its southern side.
They tried to help the Norwegians to fight the Germans
but the Luftwaffe forced the Allies to retreat.
In early May, the Allies were back in an occupied Narvik.
They too were pulled out when Germany invaded France.
The king went with them to set up a refugee government.
In his radio speech gave people hope.
Germany set up a puppet government led by Vidkun Quisling
which was a pre-war establishment of a Norwegian Nazi Party.
The occupation group was strong
but just as rough as the other occupied countries.
However, the country was soon resistance movement
who wore the king's individual brand name.
It started small, separate groups
which gradually formed a nationwide organization Milorg.
Its leadership was preparing to support the Allied invasion
but considered vandalism endanger the security of the population.
Some Norwegians left the country admitted to the war.
Lars Rønneberg escaped many other ways a small boat to Britain.
I went fishing boat in Norway in March 1941.
It was an ordinary 15-meter fishing boat.
The same boat was six or seven other Norwegians.
We were region, which was relatively easy to get out
because the Germans had not declared it a closed area.
Most of the servants broke the UK free Norwegian forces.
Some of the more exotic recruited units, SOE Special Force
or intelligence service SIS.
They were trained by Colonel Charles Hampton says
that they were excited but the unwary.
We had to teach them all the security measures.
They were usher in a quite naive.
They often stayed at the exhaust practice defensive positions.
"We do not make Norway around," they said.
They at least were supposed to learn here, that it is not.
One of the fishing vessel went to 5.9. 1940 Scotland back to Norway.
There were four of SIS trained by a Norwegian radio operator.
They had to put up in Trondheim and Oslo transmitters
which would be transmitted to the information in the UK.
The first contact corporate spies failed
but the Trondheim station soon began regularly sends information
allowing the Navy received in due course an important victory.
Fishing boats reached the coast of Norway to slip so easily
the route became known as the "Shetland bus line".
The line served the next five years almost on a weekly basis regardless of weather conditions.
Agents such as Oluf Reed Olsen knew well his responsibility to hazards.
We all wanted to share:
If someone was wounded, others had to shoot him.
Imagine what would have happened to catch survivors.
More and more ports began to be monitored constantly.
Convoys movements reported to the RAF for
which came after a visit ...
Radiovakoojat got its first big catch in 22.5. 1941.
They announced three fighters arrived in Trondheim.
It was important information for the British Admiralty.
It was known that the battleship Bismarck and the cruiser Prinz Eugen
hävittäjäsaattueineen had sailed the North Sea.
Intelligence machinery had seen them going to the port of Bergen.
The British were not in bad weather seen whether the ships departed.
Spies announcement confirmed that Bismarck had been at sea without escorts
and tried to get to destroy the North Atlantic convoys.
Navy started
and Germany, the most powerful warship was immersed in five days.
British commandos struck in March 1941 the Lofoten Islands.
The Germans destroyed in retaliation of houses and arrested well-known residents.
70 persons were Norwegian concentration camp.
It was Milorg considered too intense price of successful attack.
The Refugee Board Needless annoyed that it was informed of the attack beforehand.
The Board did not support unreservedly Milorg
because it was afraid of the abducting organization of power after the war.
Germany tightened the resistance due to their grip on Norway.
The Commissioner announced in July a state of emergency.
Radios were seized throughout the country during the following month.
Milorg weighed vastavetonaan leaflets
which told the BBC transmitted the news.
Milorg received during the autumn as part of the military and government control.
The strategic importance of Norway increased suddenly in June 1941
when Hitler attacked the Soviet Union.
Britain soon left the convoys to assist the new ally.
Germany railed more and more fierce against the importance of the service route.
The situation intensified further at the end of 1941
when the British commandos struck again Lofoten and Vågsøn port.
Churchill wanted to invade Norway.
The Defence Staff made him change his mind
but Hitler believed that Norway should be an important battleground.
The occupation troops gradually strengthened over 350,000 men.
Milorg increased vandalism in order to keep them on their toes.
However, Norway was a German nice for a place
far away from the horrors of the Soviet front.
In early 1942, became a resistance movement in terms of a major incident.
Hitler sent the majority of the fleet in Northern Norway.
The department is led by the battleship Tirpitz, Bismarck's sister ship.
It was a serious threat to those traveling to the Soviet Union to a convoy.
Fleet movement monitoring of remote fjords
was about it from the radio spies the most important task.
They established radio stations 3000 km long coast.
"Shetland bus line" was a bustle
and men like Bjørn Rørholtin took enormous risks.
Getting transmitter Agnessin fort was a bit tricky.
The problem was solved in such a way
I got the papers, according to which I was an insurance agent.
Papers, was true only for the fact that they read the "agent".
I went to the coast by boat Agnessin fort.
I got ashore and walked directly to the commandant's office.
I explained that I had come by overnight train
I had not had time to obtain official permits
which may enter the fortress was required.
I showed my papers and asked him personal authorization
to go to meet Norwegians my clients.
He asked jokingly admit to her insurance.
I replied that insuring German officer was too great a risk.
It was him very amusing, and I got my license.
Then I went to see daredevils named Magnus hussel
who had promised to use the transmitter.
Migrating ships were followed for almost three years.
The Gestapo and Abwehr oppressed in the meantime Milorg harshly.
Organization infiltrated informers
and it almost destroyed in southern Norway in the mid-1942.
The German counter-measures and searches also threatened radiovakoojia.
Only good fortune helped Oluf Reed Olsen's group to escape.
They fled for their lives soon after taking this picture.
They had surrounded the entire area of ​​nearly 600 men.
We set out to escape
and we came across a machine gun outbreaks after another.
They shot like mad, and sent patrols in after us.
We would not have survived if we had not been so good condition.
I always told the boys that we are the best
and the Germans doing to us in the woods.
The Germans and the policemen rode back and forth to the valley
but we just went to town by bus.
We checked twice, but no one said anything.
They could not expect that we would do so
and it saved us.
An attempt was made to destroy the Gestapo archives
daring air attack on its Oslo headquarters 25.9. 1942.
One bomb hit their target but did not explode.
The Allies were given the same time to know the new threat.
It could bring Hitler victory.
About a hundred kilometers west of Oslo was a small town of Rjukan.
According to reports, the heart of the city near the hydroelectric power station
played a decisive role in developing the German atomic bomb.
It produced a by-product of heavy water, ie, deuterium oxide
which is needed in the laboratory to control the nuclear reactions.
German research grind to a halt without it
and Norsk Hydro, the company was ordered to increase production.
The news was relayed Lieutenant Commander Eric Welshille
who led the British intelligence operations in Norway.
The situation, it was decided to investigate.
The facility had to first get a person familiar with the
which would be able to evaluate what was done there.
This task was found fled to Britain Einar Skinnarland.
He was a native of Rjukan region and trained electrical technician.
He was also an accomplished skier and amateur radio.
Skinnarland returned to Norway after a quick training 29.3. 1942.
He managed to get a job in the power station
and his reports showed that the production had to be halted.
British intelligence was told to take care of the matter.
Norwegians were four-person group.
One of them was Jens Anton Poulson, who later became general.
We were invited by Colonel Winston's studio.
He explained the essence of the mission.
I remember, in particular, when he told
that if the Germans get their hands on heavy water
they are able to explode the whole of London.
Group received the code name of the Swallows
and it jumped the Telemark region in October 1942.
It was supposed to guide incoming flying machine pioneer department.
Group took Rjukan broke contact Skinnarlandiin
who told the German standards were tightened guarding the plant.
The team announced it to London, but the operation still continued.
Two flying machine rose from the northern part of Scotland
November 19, 1942.
Operation failed miserably.
Each machine fell to the ground
and the Germans shot the survivors after interrogation.
The massacre was revealed only after the war, when the bodies were found.
Solo missed the swallows were tightened under the ground.
The plant could strike again until after the rigors of winter.
Men were hiding all winter harsh Hardanger highlands.
Claus Helberg recalls stringent conditions:
We started to worry because food was running out.
Kaivoimme lumen alta jäkälää.
SOE began to design a new blow to Norsk Hydro power plant.
The operation received the code name of Gunnerside.
An experienced lieutenant Joakim Rønneberg elected to the leadership of the mission.
We had to destroy the producing heavy water facility.
We also heard about
which brittikommandot had done
and we are awaiting a Norwegian group.
Rønneberg chose five skillful skiers.
They practiced the power station was built in Scotland in the copy.
The new group took 23. 1. 1943 bomber
which was supposed to drop them in the Hardanger swallows creates.
The attempt failed because the pilot did not see the recipients of a light signal.
The group had to wait until the next full moon.
Jump succeeded the second attempt on 16 February.
The wind carried the men far away countries
and they were forced to look for swallows many hours.
I will never forget the encounter.
I heard someone shout: "Hey!"
It was one of them. We were really relieved.
Then we saw the other. They had been hiding.
Norsk Hydro's power plant was a steep ravine on the edge.
Led to the bridge over the gorge
but it and the rising slope behind the factory were guarded.
The Germans thought that over the gorge was impossible to reach.
Claus Helberg went to investigate it.
I found a route to the bottom of the gorge. It was steep but not too difficult.
I managed to get across the river to the opposite bank.
The slope reached in daylight quite easily down
but at night it was of course a bit trickier.
He came back to tell the others that there were two options.
We have voted.
As I recall, five or six wanted to go through the gorge
and the rest were in favor of the bridge.
Group two officers supported the bridge
but we decided therefore to go through the gorge.
We started at 20. Then it was already dark.
We landed in a ravine weapons and explosives with us.
They were able to plant the surrounding fence shortly after midnight.
Guards for some reason appeared, and they were easily the gate open.
Vartiotuvasta famous speech
but they reached their destination without anyone noticing.
Explosives were set in place.
Two minutes cords were lit ...
... And percussion group disappeared without anyone noticing the darkness.
Heavy water tanks were destroyed utterly.
The occupation forces commander, General Nicolaus von Falkenhorst
was forced to admit that the attack was unprecedented in bold.
Thousands of soldiers combed the region, but the saboteurs reached Sweden.
No one has been caught, although täpäriä situations rite.
Part of the group, including Claus Helberg, was to plan new attacks.
He approached a couple of weeks after the hiding place a little carelessly.
I was very calm
and I enjoy the solitude.
The sun was shining, and cross-country skiing weather was good.
Arrived, I noticed that around the cottage was a lot of ski tracks.
I began to wonder why there were so many traces.
Then I saw that the house was German.
The Germans had found our cottages.
I went away as fast as I could skis.
The Germans shouted and shot at me.
I thought that now came retriever.
The two men remained My sponsors.
A short time later was only one remained.
I could not think of anything other than escaping.
I was faster uphills and she going downhill.
He came very close in a long downhill.
I pulled a pistol and shot twice but I do not hit.
He, too, started shooting towards me but did not hit.
Then he ran out of cartridges, and he turned heels.
I shot two more times, but he fled and so escaped.
Norwegian heavy water sabotage was strengthened by the Norwegians fighting spirit
but the power plant was repaired in three months, and production continued.
The Americans bombed it in November.
The plant was not hit, but the Rjukan city suffered damage.
Bombardment got the Germans to stop heavy water production
and have already made the water was sent to Germany.
Einar Skinnarland announced about London
and there was found that the water can not get to your destination.
This task was assigned to Knut Haukelid, missed one of the men in Norway.
The task could require civilian casualties, so the command came from high quarters.
We were given an unambiguous command to do it.
I know that it was discussed by the Norwegian Government at the hearing.
It had to embed at any cost.
The Germans were forced to move the heavy water by rail
but against the tightly guarded train could not be attacked.
Caravans left overnight to wait for the ferry transport Tinnsjø over the lake.
The Germans guard the wagons accurately.
But they are guarding the raft, and Haukelid seized the opportunity.
We just walked to the ferry at night.
Slipped into the Norwegian guard over
and we put a hold enough explosives to sink a ferry.
Carriages were transferred to the ferry the next day, 20.2. 1944.
Ferry started.
And when it approached the deepest part of the lake ...
The ferry sank in five minutes and took the water wagons with him.
At the same time Hitler's dream was destroyed by the atomic bomb.
In parallel with these operations,
radiovakoojat had observed the German naval movements.
Their main target was the battleship Tirpitz.
RAF attacked in 1942 several times against it
but was not able to damage it.
Tirpitz base was the fall of the fjord near Trondheim.
The Brits decided to attack the chariot torpedoes
with a crew of two and a detachable warhead.
One of the Shetland bus line boats, Arthur, brought them to feel the ball.
It was commanded by Leif Larsen, who was the most experienced Norwegian navy men.
Arthur left the Shetlands in October.
The deck had two torpedoes, and crews hid in the hold.
When the Trondheim fjord mouth approached
torpedoes lowered into the water and was taken in tow.
The way to a 120 km long fjord
German patrol PARKING ytti Larsen's boat and explore it.
Falsified papers went to the full, and Arthur went on the trip.
The distance was down to only 15 km, while Arthur was forced to storm
and torpedoes towline broke down.
Larsen was forced to sink his boat and on foot to escape to Sweden.
The entire department with the exception of one man made it back to Britain.
Radiovakoojat continued Tirpitz and other warships monitoring.
Tirpitz against an attempt to attack again in the autumn of 1943.
This time was used for the X Craft mini-submarine.
Do vaurioittivat Tirpitziä
and spies indicated that it would be half a year off.
A few weeks after the walker's back.
Battlecruiser Scharnhorst went on Christmas Day 1943 Altenfjordista
and radiovakoojat alerted the British fleet.
Scharnhorst was immersed in a convoy battle off North Cape.
In spite of this severe loss
German occupying forces in 1944 began well.
Russia and the Mediterranean suffered terrible losses were far away.
The Führer was certain, however, that the Allies would attack in Norway.
It agreed to the Allies well as the Normandy invasion approached.
Operation Fortitude spread misinformation invasion.
Scotland, toured the radio cars
comfortable posting messages to Norway invading army.
The occupying forces remained in Norway
although the Normandy departing troops rose for ships.
Norway radiovakoojat received an urgent task.
Approaching from the Atlantic storms threatened to spoil the landing.
Norway, the weather settled, at launch boarding.
Oluf Reed Olsen was already known by many different names
and he had been promised a substantial reward.
40000 crown arrests INFORMATION
But he was still free
and was able to even connect the radio to the national grid.
We were told to send once an hour on the weather.
At first, every two hours, then once an hour.
Command was obeyed, even if the task were spies believes that long-winded.
But they were soon to know what information was needed.
Sääilmoitukset were a real pain.
But then I listened to the news
and we heard that the invasion had begun.
The spies helped determine when the storm ceases.
General Eisenhower got to start landing
nerves hit after days of delay.
We were proud that we were sending weather information.
At the beginning of the Allies Germans evict Normandy
pressure from Norway were introduced to the troops are able to leave.
The coastal convoys against hyökkäiltiin air.
Shetland Isles operating from the Norwegian torpedo boats
began to use more aggressive tactics.
They crossed the North Sea on a regular basis.
Norway broke boats, hid the fjord.
Crews will learn to mask the boat skillfully.
Local Resistance men declared enemy movements.
Boats pressure from German further yllätyshyökkä by one.
Tirpitz was still in operation.
Radiovakoojat followed by air attacks against it
in the spring and summer of 1944.
They announced in London that the planes hit
but the results were not enough to destroy the battleship.
The RAF finally attacked in November 1944 Lancaster bombers
who dropped a 5400-kilo bombs.
Tirpitz capsized and sank.
The British fleet three years plagued the threat had been removed.
The ship Churchill's "beast" designated by dipping
would not have been possible without the Norwegian radio spies for help.
But the Norwegians knew well
that the Allies were going to go to Germany in northwest across Europe.
The Norwegian troops were left in peace.
Resistance Mobilization did not permit aid before the German surrender.
Milorg continued vandalism.
They include poisoning In Germany the fish.
But the war touched by Norway in greater detail in the autumn 1944
while in Finland, and the Germans retreated from northern Norway
the Soviets heels.
The Germans destroyed the away any.
Britain became the 350 Norwegians to help the Soviets
and protect their populations from the released area.
Milorg great moment came in May 1945 when the war ended in Europe.
Its 60,000 members received the 365,000 German surrender.
Oslo garrison surrendered one plainclothes Norwegian.
British parachute troops came to disarm the Germans weapons.
They are waiting for exultant crowd.
Gone were five heavy years.
The Norwegian resistance movement made a secret in the shadows and heavy work
but the radio data sent spies
as well as special forces and Milorg brave men and women are ensured
that Norway helped contribute to the Allies to victory.
Translated by: Kai Laine www.sdi media.com